Despertar y salir a entrenar. Suena fácil, pero la pregunta más común que surge de este hábito es si debemos comer o no comer antes de hacer ejercicio. Es un debate muy amplio entre las personas activas, pues afirman que el ayuno te ayuda a perder peso y que el comer te da más energía para mantenerte activo de forma tal que te ejercitas más tiempo. Entonces, ¿cuál de estas afirmaciones es la correcta y que resulta beneficioso realmente para la salud?
Como todo en nutrición, la respuesta es DEPENDE, motivado a que todos los cuerpos son diferentes, y también cada entrenamiento. Cuando una persona afirma que la respuesta es “entrenar en ayuna” puede que la respuesta sea correcta para él. Pero otra persona puede que se sienta más cómoda habiendo consumido un alimento previo al ejercicio.
Veamos que tienen de beneficioso ambos aspectos:
Cuando decidimos comer previo al entrenamiento, debemos considerar que nuestro cuerpo, en especial nuestro estomago e intestino, deben ser los consentidos. No debemos ofrecerles alimentos a los cuales no están acostumbrados; debemos procurar educarlos para que así los alimentos que decidamos consumir no se vuelvan una desventaja.
El comer antes de entrenar, debe priorizar a los carbohidratos, los cuales son conocidos como los reyes de la energía; pero ciertamente ¿por qué se vuelven los reyes?, básicamente cuando dormimos, descansamos alrededor de seis a ocho horas como mínimo, y aunque pensamos que nuestras reservas de energía se deben mantener intactas porque las repusimos en las comidas del día, mientras dormirnos, estas reservas también son usadas para procesos básicos del organismo y disminuyen a nivel del glucógeno hepático en un 40%. Por lo tanto al despertar e ingerir alimentos ricos en carbohidratos tenemos como ventaja que al iniciar el ejercicio nuestro tanque de energía este al tope.
Lea también:
Colágeno: ¿solo para uñas y cabello radiante?
¿Creer o no creer en el peso saludable?
Meriendas: ¿importantes para tener hábitos saludables?
Es muy variable
Como todo depende de nuestros hábitos y costumbres, las cantidades de carbohidrato también van a depender de la tolerancia gástrica individual, es decir, muchos tolerarán comer un sándwich con queso y mermelada; otros solo el pan y la mermelada, así como otros solo podrán sentirse bien al comer una fruta.
A pesar de esto, hay una regla básica que aplica para todos, y es evitar o limitar el consumo de fibra previo al ejercicio. Aunque son un tipo de carbohidrato, la presencia de fibra hará más lenta su absorción y puede en muchos casos generar malestar estomacal; en términos de comidas, es preferible consumir el pan blanco que el pan integral, el cereal de desayuno que las hojuelas de maíz o la galleta regular en vez de la versión integral. Así mismo, en esta comida previa otra de las indicaciones es que ésta debe ser baja o sin inclusión de grasas, sin adición de aguacate, mayonesa, tocineta, salchichas, etc., ya que este grupo de alimentos se queda por mayor tiempo en el estómago, generando pesadez y retraso para absorber los carbohidratos que necesitamos para energía.
Ahora bien, cuando hablamos de entrenar en ayuna, verdaderamente no significa que hemos ayunado. Si tu última comida es alrededor de las 7 u 8 de la noche del día anterior, y el entrenamiento es aproximadamente entre las 5 u 8 de la mañana, tras tener una alimentación completa el día anterior, las reservas de glucógeno, aunque disminuyan a nivel hepático no lo hacen hasta quedarse vacías y mucho menos se afectan las reservas de glucógeno muscular. Para verdaderamente llegar a un estado de ayuno, deberíamos entrenar hasta la fatiga y eliminar durante tres días los carbohidratos; lo cual realmente si fuera entrenar en ayuna.
Conclusiones sobre la alimentación previa al entrenamiento
Entonces, aun cuando el termino no es apropiado, el entrenar en ayuna que se escucha de boca en boca, es básicamente entrenar sin haber cenado y/o sin haber desayunado. En este caso, lo que nos dice la ciencia es que podemos ver una mejora a nivel de adaptaciones fisiológicas como aumento de la oxidación a nivel muscular; mayor acumulo de glucógeno muscular en reposo y estables niveles de glicemia durante el ejercicio. Se ha visto que la mayoría de estas ventajas suceden en atletas masculinos, pero que dichas ventajas no son significativamente relevantes en comparación a ingerir alimentos.
La otra cara que a veces no encontramos entre las ventajas o como un punto a favor para entrenar en el llamado ayuno, es el impacto gástrico e intestinal. Muchas personas al despertar tan temprano para ejercitarse no pueden tolerar ninguna ingesta de alimentos y es allí donde el beneficio del ayuno podría ser mayor al de comer un alimento; pues, si te sientes incomodo al comer y eso perjudica tu entrenamiento, será siempre más ventajoso no ingerir ninguno.
En conclusión, si deseas desayunar previo a tu ejercicio, será beneficioso siempre y cuando controles los aspectos de tolerancia gástrica; alimentos bajos en fibra y bajos o sin grasa, así como, si deseas entrenar en ayuna, recuerda que no hay ventajas significativas.
Para más información:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6983467/
https://www.fisiologiadelejercicio.com/es-eficaz-el-entrenamiento-en-ayunas/
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2018
https://www.mysportscience.com/post/race-day-breakfast-considerations
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